1998Practice founded4,000+Client engagements$41.2 billionEvaluated project valueSince 1982Institutional underwritingMAI · ASA-GC · BCA · CMEAIn-house valuation designations
Wert-Berater, Inc. — Independent Feasibility Study Consultants
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Independent Feasibility Studies · Clean Energy

Hydroelectric Power Feasibility Studies

Prepared for lenders, CDCs, and federal agencies to SBA SOP 50 10 8, USDA 7 CFR Part 5001, and conventional underwriting standards. Fiduciary duty runs to the lender and the agency, never the borrower. 4,000+ engagements since 1998 covering $41.2 billion in evaluated project value. So far in 2026: 41 engagements and $1.54 billion evaluated — 17 SBA, 11 USDA.

Watch: a short video overview — Hydroelectric Power Feasibility Studies

The Feasibility Question

Hydro feasibility joins hydrology to licensing: the flow record and its variability, FERC licensing or exemption position as the gating condition, PPA or merchant revenue, and the civil-works capital that dominates the budget. Small and run-of-river projects are evaluated against their specific flow regimes with dry-year cases carried in the model.

Methodology

Methodology uses USGS flow records, energy modeling across hydrological cases, licensing-status review, and civil capital benchmarks. Coverage is tested on dry-year production under contracted revenue.

Every Wert-Berater financial model is fully linked with no hardcoded values, so any reviewer can stress any input. Deliverables comprise a complete narrative report and the linked Excel model, with ten-year pro forma, sensitivity analysis at ±5, 10, and 15 percent, interest-rate stress from +0.5 to +3.0 percent, and ratio analysis benchmarked against RMA and IBISWorld data.

Lending Compliance

SBA engagements are prepared to SOP 50 10 8, including its debt-service-coverage minimums of 1.15x operating and 1.00x global. USDA engagements follow RD Staff Instruction 5001 across the Business & Industry, Community Facilities, REAP, and Value-Added Producer Grant programs. Conventional engagements are built to the lender's stated coverage standard, typically 1.20x. Clean-energy engagements are prepared to USDA 7 CFR Part 5001 where REAP and B&I apply — including the energy-production documentation, incentive analysis, and payback arithmetic REAP requires — and to conventional and institutional standards otherwise, with interconnection and incentive risk addressed directly rather than assumed away.

Experience

Representative clean-energy work includes a $52,688,000 green carbon project evaluation and renewable-energy feasibility within the firm's USDA REAP and B&I practice. Independence is non-negotiable: determinations follow the evidence and are not revised under pressure, and studies are built to pass lender, agency, and third-party review without exception items.

What a Hydroelectric Power Feasibility Study Covers

A hydroelectric power feasibility study is not a generic energy report repackaged for a new asset class. It is built around the specific physical and regulatory conditions of the site: the flow record, the licensed or exempted capacity, the civil-works scope, and the revenue structure that a lender must underwrite. Every Wert-Berater engagement for a hydro project produces a bound narrative report and a fully linked Excel model alongside the following asset-class-specific deliverables:

  • Hydrological case matrix: energy production modeled across median, dry-year, and critically dry flow scenarios drawn from USGS gauge records, with each case carried through to revenue and debt-service coverage.
  • FERC licensing or exemption status review: a plain-language summary of where the project stands in the licensing or exemption process and what conditions remain as contingencies.
  • Civil-works capital benchmark: installed-cost comparison against published and reported benchmarks for the project type, dam configuration, and installed capacity class.
  • PPA and merchant revenue analysis: contracted versus merchant price risk evaluated separately, with curtailment and dispatch provisions reviewed where the offtake agreement permits.
  • Interconnection and transmission review: queue position, estimated costs, and timing risk stated explicitly rather than assumed resolved.
  • Incentive and tax-credit arithmetic: applicable federal and state incentives identified and modeled at their stated values, with phase-down schedules reflected in the pro forma.
  • Explicit statement of conditions: the assumptions on which the favorable determination rests, so a lender or agency reviewer knows exactly what must hold for coverage to be maintained.

How the Market and Demand Analysis Is Built for Hydroelectric Projects

Hydroelectric power feasibility studies require a demand analysis that is fundamentally different from a retail or hospitality study. The “market” for a run-of-river or small hydro project is not a trade area of consumers; it is a regional grid with specific capacity needs, a utility or off-taker with a defined procurement posture, and a regulatory environment that determines what the power is worth and whether it can be delivered.

The analysis draws on utility integrated resource plans and publicly filed procurement solicitations to establish whether the off-taker has a documented need for the capacity and energy the project would supply. FERC electronic filings and state public utility commission dockets are reviewed for interconnection queue data, which reveals competing projects seeking access to the same transmission infrastructure. Regional transmission organization and independent system operator market data inform the merchant price assumption when no PPA is in place.

State renewable portfolio standard compliance reports and renewable energy credit registry data are examined to assess whether the project’s output qualifies for premium pricing under existing or anticipated RPS obligations. Where a power purchase agreement is already executed, the off-taker’s creditworthiness and the contract’s curtailment, force majeure, and termination provisions are reviewed directly. The result is a demand picture grounded in filed documents and regulatory records rather than in generalized assertions about the growth of renewable energy.

The Assumptions That Decide Coverage in Hydroelectric Power Feasibility Studies

Four inputs drive the debt-service coverage ratio in a hydro feasibility model more than any others. Each is tested explicitly rather than held at a single point estimate, because lenders and agency reviewers are entitled to know how sensitive the coverage conclusion is to the assumptions on which it rests.

  • Dry-year flow: the single most consequential variable for a run-of-river project. The model carries a critically dry flow case—typically derived from the lowest exceedance percentile in the historical USGS record—and shows whether coverage survives at that production level.
  • Power price or PPA rate: tested at minus 5, 10, and 15 percent from the base case. Where a PPA is in place, the contracted rate is the base; where power is sold merchant, the price assumption is benchmarked against recent regional market data and stressed more aggressively.
  • Civil-works and equipment capital: the dominant cost item for most hydro projects. The benchmark is compared against the sponsor’s contractor bids or engineer’s estimates, and the sensitivity table shows what a cost overrun does to the debt load and coverage ratio.
  • Operations & maintenance cost: hydro plants carry relatively low fuel cost but meaningful civil maintenance obligations; O&M is benchmarked and stressed upward.
  • Interest rate: stressed from plus 0.5 to plus 3.0 percent above the base rate to reflect the exposure of long-tenor project debt to rate movement.
  • Licensing contingency timing: where FERC licensing is incomplete, the model reflects the capital-carrying cost of a delayed commercial operation date and its effect on coverage at first payment.

What Lenders and Agencies Look for in Hydroelectric Feasibility Studies

SBA, USDA, and conventional lenders each bring a distinct set of concerns to a hydro project, and a study prepared to only one standard will create exception items at the others.

Under SBA SOP 50 10 8, the study must demonstrate 1.15x operating debt-service coverage and 1.00x global coverage, with the global test incorporating all obligations of the borrowing entity and its principals. For a hydro project, the SBA reviewer will focus on whether the dry-year production case still supports those minimums and whether the FERC licensing position has been addressed as a going-concern risk rather than a footnote.

USDA Rural Development engagements under 7 CFR Part 5001 carry additional documentation requirements. REAP applications require energy-production documentation, an incentive analysis, and a payback calculation prepared to the agency’s stated methodology. Business & Industry applications require the same coverage discipline as SBA but with agency-specific ratio benchmarks and a community-impact narrative that the feasibility study must support without overstating.

Conventional lenders typically require 1.20x coverage and place particular weight on the offtake structure: a long-term PPA with an investment-grade counterparty is underwritten differently from merchant exposure. Interconnection cost certainty, transmission access, and the status of any required water rights or state environmental permits are underwriting conditions that a conventional credit officer will raise and that the study addresses directly. Independence of the analyst—no contingent fee, no revision under pressure—is the condition that makes the study usable across all three lending channels simultaneously.

Cost, Timeline, and How a Hydroelectric Power Feasibility Study Engagement Runs

The fee for a hydroelectric power feasibility study is fixed and quoted in writing within one business day of a project inquiry. No fee is contingent on the finding, and the determination is not revised because a sponsor is dissatisfied with the conclusion. That structure is what allows the study to serve the lender and the reviewing agency rather than the borrower.

Standard delivery runs 10 to 15 business days from the date a complete data room is received. The data room for a hydro project typically includes the USGS gauge record or a consultant-prepared hydrology report, the FERC license or exemption application and any issued orders, the executed or draft PPA, contractor or engineer’s estimates for civil works and equipment, interconnection agreements or queue confirmation, and the borrower’s historical financial statements. Rush delivery is available when a commitment deadline requires it.

When the engagement opens, every document submitted is logged and the financial model is built with no hardcoded values, so any reviewer can change any input and watch the pro forma and coverage ratios recalculate in real time. Upon completion, the bound narrative report and the live Excel model are published to a secure client portal. The model remains active: if a lender wants to run a stress case not included in the standard sensitivity table, the model supports that without a new engagement. The explicit statement of conditions that closes every report tells the lender precisely what must remain true for the coverage conclusion to hold.

Frequently asked questions

How much does a hydroelectric power feasibility study cost?

The fee is fixed and quoted in writing within one business day of inquiry. It does not vary with the finding, and no portion is contingent on loan approval or project outcome. Because scope varies with project size, licensing complexity, and the number of hydrological cases required, the quote is project-specific rather than published as a schedule.

How long does it take to complete a hydro feasibility study?

Standard delivery is 10 to 15 business days from receipt of a complete data room. For hydro projects, the data room must include the USGS flow record or hydrology report, FERC licensing documents, civil-works cost estimates, and the offtake agreement or merchant price basis. Rush delivery is available when a lender commitment deadline requires a shorter window.

What makes hydroelectric projects hard to underwrite compared with other renewable energy assets?

Three factors combine in ways that do not appear together in solar or wind deals: the flow record introduces a physical production variable that cannot be hedged the way price can; FERC licensing or exemption status creates a regulatory gating condition that can delay or terminate a project after significant capital is deployed; and civil-works cost dominates the capital budget and carries meaningful overrun risk relative to equipment-only projects.

Does a FERC license have to be in place before a feasibility study can be completed?

No, but the licensing position must be addressed explicitly. Where a license or exemption is pending or not yet applied for, the study states that condition clearly, models the capital-carrying cost of a delayed commercial operation date, and identifies the licensing milestone as a condition on which the favorable determination rests. Lenders and agencies expect that treatment rather than silence on the point.

Can one feasibility study satisfy both SBA and USDA requirements for a hydro project?

Yes, provided the study is prepared to both standards from the outset. SBA SOP 50 10 8 and USDA 7 CFR Part 5001 share a common analytical foundation but differ in coverage minimums, documentation requirements, and—for REAP applications—energy-production and payback arithmetic. A study built to both standards simultaneously avoids the exception items that arise when a study prepared for one agency is submitted to another.

What flow data is used to model energy production in a hydroelectric feasibility study?

The primary source is the USGS National Water Information System gauge record for the relevant stream reach or a hydrologically comparable proxy gauge. Where a sponsor has commissioned a site-specific hydrology report from a licensed engineer, that report is used as the basis and the USGS record serves as a cross-check. The model carries median, dry-year, and critically dry exceedance cases so that coverage is tested across the range of realistic production outcomes.

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Legal disclosure. Wert-Berater, Inc. offices are mailing addresses only. Following the COVID-19 pandemic the firm has elected to work remotely; its office locations receive mail and are not staffed for visitors or in-person meetings. Headquarters mailing address: 1968 South Coast Hwy, Ste 2382, Laguna Beach, CA 92651.

Wert-Berater, Inc. is an independent provider of feasibility studies and other related services. The firm does not provide financing or equity investment advice, and does not arrange, broker, or place debt or equity capital of any kind.

All appraisal assignments are performed by Bruce E. Jones, MAI, ASA-GC, BCA, CMEA, a member of the Appraisal Institute since 2006, a staff member of Wert-Berater, Inc. and owner of Special Purpose Realty Valuation.

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